NSE4_FGT-7.2 Fortinet NSE 4 - FortiOS 7.2 Questions and Answers

https://community.fortinet.com/t5/FortiGate/Technical-Tip-How-to-identify-Inactive-Routes-in-the-Routing/ta-p/197595

Application control is a feature that allows FortiGate to inspect and control the use of specific web applications on the network. When application control is enabled, FortiGate can identify child and parent applications, and can perform different actions on them based on the configuration.

"In order for FortiGate to act in these roles, its CA certificate must have the basic constraints extension set to cA=True and the value of the keyUsage extension set to keyCertSign."

https://kb.fortinet.com/kb/documentLink.do?externalID=FD47821

"In IKEv1, there are two possible modes in which the IKE SA negotiation can take place: main, and aggressive mode. Settings on both ends must agree; otherwise, phase 1 negotiation fails and both IPsec peers are not able to establish a secure channel."

SSL Inspection Profile, on the Inspection method there are 2 options to choose from, SSL Certificate Inspection or Full SSL Inspection. FG SEC 7.2 Studi Guide: Full SSL Inspection level is the only choice that allows antivirus to be effective.

In the 7.2 Infrastructure Guide (page 306) the list of configuration settings that are NOT synchronized includes both 'FortiGate host name' and 'Cache'

"What happens to traffic that requires authorization, but does not match any authentication rule? The active and passive SSO schemes to use for those cases is defined under config authentication setting"

https://community.fortinet.com/t5/FortiGate/Technical-Tip-Firewall-does-not-block-incoming-WAN-to-LAN/ta-p/189641

The exhibits show a network diagram and firewall configurations for a FortiGate unit that has two policies: Allow_access and Deny. The Allow_access policy allows traffic from the WAN (port1) interface to the LAN (port3) interface with the destination address of VIP and the service of HTTPS. The VIP object maps the external IP address 10.200.1.10 and port 10443 to the internal IP address 10.0.1.10 and port 443 of the Webserver. The Deny policy denies traffic from the WAN (port1) interface to the LAN (port3) interface with the source address of Deny_IP and the destination address of All.

In this scenario, the administrator wants to deny Webserver access for Remote-User2, who has the IP address 10.200.3.2, which is included in the Deny_IP address object. Remote-User1, who has the IP address 10.200.3.1, must be able to access the Webserver.

To achieve this goal, the administrator can make two changes to deny Webserver access for Remote-User2:

• Set the Destination address as Webserver in the Deny policy. This will make the Deny policy more specific and match only the traffic that is destined for the Webserver’s internal IP address, instead of any destination address.
• Enable match-vip in the Deny policy. This will make the Deny policy apply to traffic that matches a VIP object, instead of ignoring it1. This way, the Deny policy will block Remote-User2’s traffic that uses the VIP object’s external IP address and port.

https://community.fortinet.com/t5/FortiGate/Technical-Tip-Explanation-of-auth-timeout-types-for-Firewall/ta-p/189423

https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/6.0.0/handbook/240599/application-control

The host 10.200.3.1 sends a TCP SYN packet on port 10443 to 10.200.1.10, which is the external IP address of the VIP object named VIP in Exhibit B1. The VIP object maps the external IP address and port to the internal IP address and port of the server 10.0.1.10 and 443, respectively1. The VIP object also enables NAT, which means that the source address of the packet will be translated to the IP address of the outgoing interface2.

The firewall policy ID 1 in Exhibit B allows traffic from WAN (port1) to LAN (port3) with the destination address of VIP and the service of HTTPS1. The policy also enables NAT, which means that the source address of the packet will be translated to the IP address of the outgoing interface2.

Therefore, after FortiGate forwards the packet to the destination, the source address, destination address, and destination port of the packet will be 10.200.3.1, 10.0.1.10, and 443, respectively.

You can find more information about VIP objects and firewall policies in the Fortinet Documentation

https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/7.0.0/new-features/580880/posture-check-verification-for-active-ztna-proxy-session-7-0-2

FortiGate Infrastructure 7.2 Study Guide (p.182): "Endpoint posture changes trigger active ZTNA proxy sessions to be re-verified and terminated if the endpoint is no longer compliant with the ZTNA policy."

FortiGate_Security_6.4 page 575 - Web mode requires only a web browser, but supports a limited number of protocols.

ses-denied-traffic

Enable/disable including denied session in the session table.

https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/7.0.6/cli-reference/20620/config-system-settings

block-session-timer

Duration in seconds for blocked sessions .

integer

Minimum value: 1 Maximum value: 300

30

https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/7.0.6/cli-reference/1620/config-system-global

You can deploy FSSO w/o installing an agent. FG polls the DCs directly, instead of receiving logon info indirectly from a collector agent.

Because FG collects all of the data itself, agentless polling mode requires greater system resources, and it doesn't scale as easily.

Agentless polling mode operates in a similar way to WinSecLog, but with only two event IDs: 4768 and 4769. Because there's no collector agent, FG uses the SMB protocol to read the event viewer logs from the DCs.

FG acts as a collector. It 's responsible for polling on top of its normal FSSO tasks but does not have all the extra features, such as workstation checks, that are available with the external collector agent.

FortiGate Infrastructure 7.2 Study Guide (p.317 & p.320): "To forward traffic correctly, a FortiGate HA solution uses virtual MAC addresses." "The primary forwards the SYN packet to the selected secondary. (...) This is also known as MAC address rewrite. In addition, the primary encapsulates the packet in an Ethernet frame type 0x8891. The encapsulation is done only for the first packet of a load balanced session. The encapsulated packet includes the original packet plus session information that the secondary requires to process the traffic."

FortiGate Security 7.2 Study Guide (p.287-288): "Flags: D (IP returned from DNS), I (Contract server contacted), T (being timed), F (failed)" "By default, FortiGate is configured to enforce the use of HTTPS port 443 to perform live filtering with FortiGuard or FortiManager. Other ports and protocols are available by disabling the FortiGuard anycast setting on the CLI."

FortiGate Security 7.2 Study Guide (p.317): "You can configure the URL Category within the same security policy; however, adding a URL filter causes application control to scan applications in only the browser-based technology category, for example, Facebook Messenger on the Facebook website."

FortiGate Security 7.2 Study Guide (p.310): "Then, FortiGate scans packets for matches, in this order, for the application control profile: 1. Application and filter overrides: If you have configured any application overrides or filter overrides, the application control profile considers those first. It looks for a matching override starting at the top of the list, like firewall policies. 2. Categories: Finally, the application control profile applies the action that you’ve configured for applications in your selected categories."

C: "Operating mode is per-VDOM setting. You can combine transparent mode VDOM's with NAT mode VDOMs on the same physical Fortigate.

D: "Inspection-mode selection has moved from VDOM to firewall policy, and the default inspection-mode is flow, so NGFW Mode can be changed from Profile-base (Default) to Policy-base directly in System > Settings from the VDOM" Page 125 of FortiGate_Infrastructure_6.4_Study_Guide QUESTION NO: 23 51 Which statement is correct regarding the inspection of some of the services available by web applications embedded in third-party websites? A. The security actions applied on the web applications will also be explicitly applied on the third-party websites.

B. The application signature database inspects traffic only from the original web application server.

C. FortiGuard maintains only one signature of each web application that is unique.

D. FortiGate can inspect sub-application traffic regardless where it was originated.

Answer: D

When using FortiGuard category filtering to allow or block access to a website, one option is to make a web rating override and define the website in a different category. Web ratings are only for host names - no URLs or wildcard characters are allowed.

OK: google.com or www.google.com

NO OK: www.google.com/index.html or google.*

FortiGate_Security_6.4 page 384

When using FortiGuard category filtering to allow or block access to a website, one option is to make a web rating override and define the website in a different category. Web ratings are only for host names-- "no URLs or wildcard characters are allowed".

An antivirus profile in full scan mode buffers up to your specified file size limit. The default is 10 MB. That is large enough for most files, except video files. If your FortiGate model has more RAM, you may be able to increase this threshold. Without a limit, very large files could exhaust the scan memory. So, this threshold balances risk and performance. Is this tradeoff unique to FortiGate, or to a specific model? No. Regardless of vendor or model, you must make a choice. This is because of the difference between scans in theory, that have no limits, and scans on real-world devices, that have finite RAM. In order to detect 100% of malware regardless of file size, a firewall would need infinitely large RAM--something that no device has in the real world. Most viruses are very small. This table shows a typical tradeoff. You can see that with the default 10 MB threshold, only 0.01% of viruses pass through.

FortiGate Security 7.2 Study Guide (p.350 & 352): "In flow-based inspection mode, the IPS engine reads the payload of each packet, caches a local copy, and forwards the packet to the receiver at the same time. Because the file is ransmitted simultaneously, flow-based mode consumes more CPU cycles than proxy-based." "Each protocol’s proxy picks up a connection and buffers the entire file first (or waits until the oversize limit is reached) before scanning. The client must wait for the scanning to finish."

https://help.fortinet.com/fos50hlp/54/Content/FortiOS/fortigate-whats-new-54/Top_VirtualWirePair.htm

Select Block to silently drop traffic matching any of the signatures included in the entry. So, while the default action would be 'Pass' for this signature the administrator is specifically overriding that to set the Block action. To use the default action the setting would have to be 'Default'.

Action is drop, signature default action is listed only in the signature, it would only match if action was set to default.

Fortigate Infrastructure 7.2 Study Guide page 301

FortiGate Infrastructure 7.2 Study Guide (p.301):

"FGCP automatically assigns the heartbeat IP addresses based on the serial number of each device. The IP address 169.254.0.1 is assigned to the device with the highest serial number."

"A change in the heartbeat IP addresses may happen when a FortiGate device joins or leaves the cluster."

"The HA cluster uses the heartbeat IP addresses to distinguish the cluster members and synchronize data."

https://networkinterview.com/fortigate-ha-high-availability/

https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/7.0.0/new-features/739623/dns-filter-handled-by-ips-engine-in-flow-mode