CTAL-TM Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Manager (CTAL-TM) Questions and Answers

The most important lesson to be learned from this information is that a broader cross-functional team should contribute to the risk analysis. This is because the risk analysis is the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing the risks that may affect the quality of the system, and allocating testing resources accordingly. A broader cross-functional team can provide different perspectives, expertise, and experience to the risk analysis, and help to identify and evaluate the risks more accurately and comprehensively. This can reduce the likelihood of overlooking or underestimating some risks, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the risk-based testing approach. Risk Analysis - ISTQB not-for-profit association References: Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Manager (CTAL-TM) - ISTQB not-for-profit association, ISTQB Test Manager Certification - ISTQB Exams Worldwide - ISTQB Official Registration, Risk Analysis - ISTQB not-for-profit association

The best option to hire new people for your test team is to hire a mix of people with strong testing and domain skills. This means that the new people have both the technical knowledge and the business understanding to test the software system effectively and efficiently. Hiring a mix of people with strong testing and domain skills can complement the existing skill sets of your test team, as well as enhance the team’s diversity, creativity, and collaboration. Hiring a mix of people with strong testing and domain skills can also help the team to achieve a balance between white box and black box testing, and to cover different aspects and perspectives of the software system. How to Build a Software Testing TeamHow to Hire a Software Tester References:

• How to Build a Software Testing Team - Testim.io
• How to Hire a Software Tester - The Ultimate Guide

An iterative/incremental lifecycle model is a type of software development lifecycle that divides the project into smaller iterations or increments, each delivering a part of the functionality and undergoing its own planning, analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases1. This model is suitable for projects that have aggressive schedules, unclear requirements, new technologies, distributed teams, and high quality expectations, as it allows for early feedback, risk reduction, parallel development, frequent delivery, and continuous improvement2. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because a spiral model is a type of iterative/incremental model that adds risk analysis and prototyping activities to each iteration3. While this model can also handle unclear requirements, new technologies, and high quality expectations, it may not be the best choice for projects that have aggressive schedules and distributed teams, as it requires more time and communication for risk assessment and prototyping4. Option C is incorrect because a V-model is a type of sequential model that maps each development phase to a corresponding testing phase in a V-shaped diagram5. This model is suitable for projects that have clear and stable requirements, well-known technologies, co-located teams, and moderate quality expectations, as it allows for early verification, traceability, and defect prevention. However, this model may not be the best choice for projects that have aggressive schedules, unclear requirements, new technologies, distributed teams, and high quality expectations, as it does not allow for early feedback, risk reduction, parallel development, frequent delivery, and continuous improvement. Option D is incorrect because a waterfall model is a type of sequential model that follows a linear sequence of phases from requirements to deployment. This model is suitable for projects that have simple and fixed requirements, well-known technologies, co-located teams, and low quality expectations, as it allows for easy planning, management, and documentation. However, this model may not be the best choice for projects that have aggressive schedules, unclear requirements, new technologies, distributed teams, and high quality expectations, as it does not allow for early feedback, risk reduction, parallel development, frequent delivery, and continuous improvement. References: 1: ISTQB Glossary, Iterative/incremental lifecycle model 2: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1 3: ISTQB Glossary, Spiral model 4: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1 5: ISTQB Glossary, V-model : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1 : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1 : ISTQB Glossary, Waterfall model : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1 : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.2.1

Performance testing is the process of determining the speed, responsiveness, and stability of a system under a given workload1. Performance testing should be started as early aspossible in the software development lifecycle, preferably during unit and integration testing, to identify and resolve performance issues before they become costly or risky2. Starting performance testing early can also help to validate the performance requirements, design, and architecture of the system, as well as to optimize the performance testing strategy and scope3. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because deferring the start of performance testing until all functional defects have been resolved can delay the detection and resolution of performance issues, increase the cost and effort of performance testing, and reduce the confidence and quality of the system4. Option C is incorrect because leveraging end users to do unit-level performance testing and automated tools for system-level performance testing can introduce inconsistency, bias, and inefficiency in the performance testing process, as well as compromise the reliability and validity of the performance test results. Option D is incorrect because requiring all performance tests to pass before starting functional testing can create unrealistic or unnecessary expectations, as well as hinder the progress and feedback of the functional testing activities. References: 1: ISTQB Glossary, Performance Testing 2: ISTQB® Certified Tester - Performance Testing (CT-PT)3 3: ISTQB® Performance Testing - TesterYou4 4: Performance Testing - ISTQB not-for-profit association : ISTQB - PERFORMANCE TESTING : Performance Testing - ISTQB not-for-profit association

In an iterative development model with close customer involvement and verbal communication of requirements, there is an inherent risk of changes in the system architecture. This is due to the evolving understanding of requirements and the potential for new requirements to emerge as the project progresses.

References:The ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager syllabus emphasizes the importance of managing risks in iterative development models1. It suggests that test managers should be prepared for changes, including possible alterations to the system architecture, as part of the risk management process23. This approach ensures that the testing strategy remains flexible and responsive to changes throughout the development lifecycle.

According to the TMMi model, the test process is fully integrated into the software development lifecycle at the Defined level. This level establishes that all projects are following the same standards and procedures throughout the organization or organizational unit. Test is integrated into the development life cycle and into all projects from early in development. TMMi ModelTMMi Introduction References:

• TMMi Model - TMMi
• What is TMMI (Test Maturity Model Integration) in Software Testing?

If reviewers do not have an adequate level of technical knowledge, they may not be able to identify and describe anomalies in the product or project under review1. They may also not be able to provide constructive feedback or suggestions for improvement2. This can result in a less efficient review, as the review objectives may not be met, the review process may take longer, or the review outcome may be of lower quality3. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because having sufficient business knowledge is not enough to perform a technical review, as business knowledge does not cover the technical aspects of the product or project4. Option B is incorrect because having sufficient process knowledge is not enough to perform a technical review, as process knowledge does not cover the technical aspects of the product or project4. Option D is incorrect because skipping any technical aspect can compromise the quality and completeness of the review, and may lead to defects or risks in the product or project5. References: 1: ISTQB Glossary, Reviewer 2: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 2.2.2 3: ISTQBAdvanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 2.2.3 4: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 2.3.1 5: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 2.3.2

This developer commentary is most likely to motivate a tester because it acknowledges the tester’s contribution in finding a defect that affected the product’s functionality and compatibility. It also shows that the developer took the defect seriously and fixed it promptly. This commentary demonstrates respect and appreciation for the tester’s work and fosters a collaborative relationship between the developer and the tester. 21 inspirational quotes about software testingWhat motivates you - Take the Motivation Test References:

• 21 inspirational quotes about software testing - Testlio
• What motivates you - Take the Motivation Test | SeeMyPersonality

The cost of the training and the reviews can be justified by showing the return on investment (ROI) that they generate. ROI is a measure of the profitability of an investment, calculated by dividing the net benefit by the cost1. The net benefit of the training and the reviews is the difference between the cost of the reviews and the cost of dealing with defect escapes. Defect escapes are defects that are not detected during the review process and are found later in the development or testing phases, or even in production. The cost of dealing with defect escapes includes the cost of rework, testing, debugging, deployment, customer support, and potential loss of reputation or revenue2. The cost of the reviews includes the cost of the training, the time spent by the reviewers and moderators, the tools and resources used, and the overheads3. By calculating the ROI, you can demonstrate how much money the training and the reviews have saved or earned for the company, compared to the alternative of not conducting them. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because comparing the production defects from the previous project to the production defects from this project does not account for the cost of the reviews or the cost of dealing with defect escapes in other phases. Option B is incorrect because showing the defects that were found in the review sessions and the cost of quality regarding the perfect phase containment for those caught defects does not account for the cost of the training or the cost of dealing with defect escapes in production. Option C is incorrect because explaining that the reviews are a way of expanding the knowledge of your people and motivating them to work harder and faster is not a quantifiable or verifiable way of justifying the cost of the training and the reviews. References: 1: ISTQB Glossary, Return on Investment 2: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 2.3.2 3: How to manage formal reviews & management audits? Skills, metrics …

Documentation standards are not uniform across all test levels; they can differ based on the specific requirements of each level. For instance, unit testing may have different documentation needs compared to system testing. The ISTQB documentation standards recognize this variability and allow for flexibility to suit the context of the test level. This ensures that the documentation is appropriate for the objectives and constraints of each test level, providing clarity and efficiency in the testing process.

References: The ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager syllabus and the ISTQB Glossary provide detailed information on documentation standards and their application across different test levels. These resources are essential for understanding the principles and practices of effective test documentation in various testing scenarios.

Process improvement assessment models are designed to ensure a consistent approach is used in evaluating and improving processes within an organization. They provide a structured framework for assessing the current state of processes, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing changes in a systematic manner.

References: The purpose of process improvement assessment models is outlined in ISTQB documentation, which emphasizes the importance of a consistent and structured approach to process improvement1. For detailed references, please consult the official ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager documents and study guides available on the ISTQB website.

The person who should take action on this defect is the tester who wrote the defect report. This is because a defect report in the “returned” state means that the defect has been rejected or sent back to the tester for further clarification or investigation. The tester who wrote the defect report should review the feedback from the developer, the project manager, or the defect triage team, and take the appropriate action, such as providing more information, modifying the defect report, or closing the defect. Defect Reporting - ISTQB not-for-profit association References: Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Manager (CTAL-TM) - ISTQB not-for-profit association, ISTQB Test Manager Certification - ISTQB Exams Worldwide - ISTQB Official Registration, Defect Reporting - ISTQB not-for-profit association

An analytical test strategy is a test strategy that is based on the analysis of the factors that affect the quality of the software under test, such as the requirements, the risks, the complexity, or the criticality1. An analytical test strategy uses these factors to define the test objectives, scope, approach, and techniques, as well as to prioritize and allocate the test resources2. Reporting the test results as “Requirements tested, passed, and failed” implies that the testing is driven by the requirements, which are the specifications of the desired features and functions of the software under test. Testing based on the requirements is an example of an analytical test strategy, as it uses the requirements as the main factor to guide the testing activities. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because a model-based test strategy is a test strategy that usesmodels to represent the desired behavior and structure of the software under test, and to derive test cases, test data, test procedures, and test oracles. A model-based test strategy does not necessarily report the test results as “Requirements tested, passed, and failed”, as it may use other types of models, such as state diagrams, data flow diagrams, or decision tables, to generate and execute the tests. Option B is incorrect because an exploratory test strategy is a test strategy that uses the tester’s knowledge, skills, and creativity to design and execute tests dynamically, without predefined test cases or test procedures. An exploratory test strategy does not report the test results as “Requirements tested, passed, and failed”, as it does not follow a formal or structured testing process, but rather relies on the tester’s intuition, experience, and feedback. Option D is incorrect because a reactive test strategy is a test strategy that uses the actual behavior and results of the software under test to design and execute tests, without prior knowledge or documentation of the software. A reactive test strategy does not report the test results as “Requirements tested, passed, and failed”, as it does not have any requirements or specifications to compare the software against, but rather uses the software itself as the test basis. References: 1: ISTQB Glossary, Analytical Test Strategy 2: ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.1.1 : ISTQB Glossary, Requirement : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.1.1 : ISTQB Glossary, Model-Based Testing : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.1.1 : ISTQB Glossary, Exploratory Testing : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.1.1 : ISTQB Glossary, Reactive Test Strategy : ISTQB Advanced Level Test Manager Syllabus, Section 1.1.1 : Test Strategy | ISTQB Glossary : Test Strategy - ISTQB not-for-profit association

According to TPI Next, the test process consists of four main phases: Test Strategy, Test Preparation, Test Execution and Test Completion. Each phase has several key areas thatdescribe the activities and tasks involved in the phase. One of the key areas in the Test Preparation phase is Test Environment, which covers the identification, specification, realization and maintenance of the test environment. The test environment includes the hardware, software, network, data and tools that are required to perform the testing activities. The test environment should be aligned with the test objectives and the system under test, and should be managed throughout the test process. TPI NextTPI Next book References:

• Test Process Improvement (TPI) | TMap
• TPI® NEXT | TMap