1z0-1084-23 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2023 Developer Professional Questions and Answers

Explanation

The option that will get you more information on the error when invoking Oracle Functions from your Cloud Shell session is: "DEBUG=1 fn invoke myapp myfunction". Setting the environment variable DEBUG=1 before invoking the function using the fn command allows you to enable debug mode, which provides more detailed information about the execution of the function. This can be useful for troubleshooting and understanding the root cause of the error. By using the command "DEBUG=1 fn invoke myapp myfunction", the function invocation will be executed with debug mode enabled, and additional debug information will be displayed in the console output. This information can include stack traces, detailed error messages, and other relevant details that can help identify and resolve the issue. Using the verbose option (--verbose) or debug option (--debug) with the fn command may also provide additional information, but the specific behavior may depend on the version and configuration of the fn CLI tool. While contacting Oracle support with the error message is always an option, enabling debug mode using the DEBUG=1 environment variable provides immediate access to more detailed information and can help in diagnosing and resolving the error more efficiently.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster. Enabling monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster is not required to collect and parse application logs using Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging. Monitoring is a separate feature that allows you to collect metrics and monitor the health and performance of the worker nodes. To collect and parse application logs, you need to perform the following tasks: Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster: This enables the OCI Logging service for the cluster. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes in the cluster: This helps in targeting the logs generated by the worker nodes. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration: This involves specifying the log source, log path, and log format to parse and collect the application logs. By completing these tasks, you can collect and parse the application logs generated by the applications running on the worker node compute instances in the OKE cluster.

Explanation

The smallest unit of Kubernetes architecture is a Pod. A Pod is a logical grouping of one or more containers that are deployed together on the same host and share the same network namespace, storage, and other resources. It represents the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes and is used to encapsulate and manage one or more closely related containers. Containers within a Pod are scheduled and deployed together, allowing them to communicate and share resources efficiently.

Explanation

The correct API method to read and process a stream in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Streaming service is "GetMessages". When consuming messages from a stream in OCI Streaming, you use the "GetMessages" API method. This method allows you to retrieve a batch of messages from the stream for processing. You can specify parameters such as the number of messages to retrieve, the maximum size of the messages, and the timeout for the request. By using the "GetMessages" API method, you can retrieve messages from the stream and then process them in your microservices application. This allows you to consume and handle the data in real-time as it becomes available in the stream. The "GetMessages" method provides flexibility in how you consume and process the messages, enabling you to implement custom logic and workflows based on your specific application requirements.

Blue/Green deployment strategy allows releasing a new version of an application using two identical environments where one of them is active at a given time. The current version of the application is provisioned on the active environment, whereas the new version gets deployed to the standby environment1. The traffic is shifted from the active to the standby environment by updating the ingress resource2. Therefore, both old and new application versions are deployed to production at the same time, but only one of them receives the traffic. Verified References: Announcing new deployment strategies for OCI DevOps Service, Blue-Green OKE Deployment

Explanation

The best answer is: "Use the OCI Logging service and enable VCN flow logs." To meet the requirement of analyzing network communication between two services deployed in different Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) clusters within the same Virtual Cloud Network (VCN) in a cost-effective way, you can use the OCI Logging service and enable VCN flow logs. The VCN flow logs feature in OCI allows you to capture and log network traffic information for your VCN resources. By enabling VCN flow logs, you can monitor and analyze the network communication between your services without the need for additional third-party logging services or tools. Enabling VCN flow logs provides visibility into the network traffic, including source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, and other relevant details. This information can be collected and stored in the OCI Logging service, where you can analyze and gain insights into the network communication patterns between your services. By leveraging the built-in capabilities of the OCI Logging service and enabling VCN flow logs, you can fulfill the security team's requirement for network communication analysis in a cost-effective manner. This eliminates the need for deploying additional third-party logging services or tools, reducing complexity and potential costs associated with their setup and maintenance. The other options mentioned are not the most cost-effective or suitable solutions for analyzing network communication in this scenario: Deploying a third-party logging service and aggregating the network flow logs would introduce additional costs and complexity, which may not be necessary considering the built-in capabilities provided by OCI. Rewriting the application to send logs to an outside log aggregator would not directly address the requirement of analyzing network communication between the services. It would focus more on application-level logs rather than network-level analysis. Deploying Wireshark and intercepting packets would require additional infrastructure setup and maintenance, which may not be the most cost-effective approach for network analysis in this scenario.

Explanation

A valid concern that needs to be further investigated in this scenario is whether the OKE cluster has a secret with the credentials of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR) repository and if that secret is being used in the Kubernetes deployment manifest. Here's why this concern is relevant: Access to the OCIR repository: In order for the OKE cluster to pull images from the OCIR repository, it needs proper authentication credentials. These credentials are typically provided in the form of a secret, which contains the necessary information to authenticate with the registry. Secret in the deployment manifest: The Kubernetes deployment manifest defines how the application containers should be deployed. It includes specifications such as the container image, resource requirements, and environment variables. To pull images from a private repository like OCIR, the deployment manifest needs to reference the appropriate secret that contains the registry credentials. If the images are not being pulled from the designated OCIR repository, it suggests that either the secret with the OCIR credentials is missing or it is not properly referenced in the deployment manifest. Further investigation should focus on verifying the presence and correctness of the secret, as well as confirming that it is correctly referenced in the deployment manifest for the application containers. By ensuring the presence of the secret and proper configuration in the deployment manifest, the OKE cluster will have the necessary credentials to access the OCIR repository and successfully deploy the application containers.

Explanation

Which TWO statements are correct regarding Docker images and containers? (Choose two.) Writing and building a new Dockerfile is the only way you can create new Docker images. A container can exist without an image but an image cannot exist without a container. Only one container can be spawned from a given image at a time. If multiple containers are spawned from the same image, then they all use the same copy of that image in memory. (Correct) An image is a collection of immutable layers whereas a container is a running instance of an image. (Correct) ChatGPT The correct statements regarding Docker images and containers are: If multiple containers are spawned from the same image, then they all use the same copy of that image in memory. This statement is correct. When multiple containers are created from the same Docker image, they share the underlying layers of the image in memory. Each container has its own isolated filesystem and runtime environment, but they all use the same base image, which helps in efficient resource utilization. An image is a collection of immutable layers whereas a container is a running instance of an image. This statement is also correct. Docker images are composed of multiple layers, with each layer representing a specific change or addition to the previous layer. These layers are read-only and can be shared among multiple containers. On the other hand, a container is a lightweight and isolated runtime instance created from a specific image. It is a running process that has its own filesystem, network, and runtime configuration. The statements "Writing and building a new Dockerfile is the only way you can create new Docker images" and "A container can exist without an image but an image cannot exist without a container" are incorrect. Docker images can be created in various ways, including using Dockerfiles, importing from existing images, or pulling from registries. Additionally, a container requires an image to run, so an image must exist before a container can be created from it.

Explanation

The option that is NOT available when viewing the Application metrics in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Console is: "The number of retries made by the function before failing due to an error." When viewing the Application metrics in the OCI Console for Oracle Functions, you can typically see metrics related to the performance and usage of your functions. These metrics provide insights into how your functions are performing and being utilized. The following metrics are usually available: The number of requests to invoke a function that failed due to throttling: This metric indicates the number of requests that were not processed by the function due to reaching the configured concurrency limit or throttling settings. The length of time a function runs for: This metric represents the duration of each function invocation, measuring the time it takes for the function to complete its execution. The number of requests to invoke a function that failed with an error response: This metric counts the number of requests that encountered an error during the function invocation, resulting in a failed response. However, the number of retries made by the function before failing due to an error is not typically available as part of the Application metrics in the OCI Console. The retries made by the function are usually handled at the invoker level, and the specific details of retries may not be captured as part of the application-level metrics. It's important to note that the availability of metrics and their specific details may vary depending on the version and configuration of Oracle Functions and the monitoring setup. It is recommended to refer to the Oracle Functions documentation and consult the official documentation for accurate and up-to-date information on available metrics.

Fn Project is the open source engine that is used by OCI to power Oracle Functions1. Fn Project is an open source, container native, serverless platform that can be run anywhere - any cloud or on-premises1. Fn Project is easy to use, extensible, and performant. You can download and install the open source distribution of Fn Project, develop and test a function locally, and then use the same tooling to deploy that function to Oracle Functions1.Verified References: Overview of Functions

Explanation

The two correct differences between continuous delivery and continuous deployment in the DevOps lifecycle are: Continuous delivery is a process that initiates deployment manually, while continuous deployment is based on automating the deployment process. In continuous delivery, the software is ready for deployment, but the decision to deploy is made manually by a human. On the other hand, continuous deployment automates the deployment process, and once the software passes all the necessary tests and quality checks, it is automatically deployed without human intervention. Continuous delivery involves automatic deployment to a development environment, while continuous deployment involves automatic deployment to a production environment. In continuous delivery, the software is automatically deployed to a development or staging environment for further testing and validation. However, the actual deployment to the production environment is performed manually. In continuous deployment, the software is automatically deployed to the production environment, eliminating the need for manual intervention in the deployment process. These differences highlight the level of automation and human involvement in the deployment process between continuous delivery and continuous deployment approaches in the DevOps lifecycle.

Explanation

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) API Gateway supports various backend-types to handle incoming requests and route them to the appropriate backend service. However, "ORACLE_STREAMS_BACKEND" is not a valid backend-type in OCI API Gateway. "STOCK_RESPONSE_BACKEND" is a valid backend-type that allows you to configure static responses directly in the API Gateway without routing requests to any specific backend service. This can be useful for handling simple requests or returning predefined responses. "HTTP BACKEND" is another valid backend-type that enables routing requests to an HTTP backend service. "ORACLE_FUNCTIONS_BACKEND" is a valid backend-type that allows you to route requests to Oracle Functions, which are serverless functions that can be used to execute specific logic or operations. However, "ORACLE_STREAMS_BACKEND" is not a valid backend-type in OCI API Gateway. The API Gateway does not have native support for Oracle Streams as a backend service. Oracle Streams is a feature of Oracle Database that provides a publish-subscribe mechanism for data replication and distribution within an Oracle Database environment. It is not directly integrated as a backend service in OCI API Gateway.

Explanation

The necessary configuration to provide access to a private repository in OCI Registry (OCIR) from OCI Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) is to create a docker-registry secret for OCIR with an identity Auth Token on the cluster and specify the imagePullSecret property in the application deployment manifest. Here's the breakdown of the steps: Create a docker-registry secret for OCIR with an identity Auth Token: In order to authenticate with the private repository in OCIR, you need to create a secret in your OKE cluster that contains the necessary credentials. This can be done by generating an identity Auth Token from the OCI Console and creating a secret in the cluster using the kubectl command. Specify the imagePullSecret property in the application deployment manifest: In your application's deployment manifest (such as a Kubernetes Deployment or StatefulSet YAML file), you need to include the imagePullSecret property and specify the name of the secret you created in the previous step. This allows the OKE cluster to use the credentials from the secret to pull the docker image from the private repository in OCIR during deployment. By following these steps, you can ensure that your OKE cluster has the necessary access to the private repository in OCIR, and your application can successfully pull the required docker image during deployment.

The best way to store and use secret information, such as database passwords, in Oracle Functions is to use the OCI Vault service. The OCI Vault service provides encryption and decryption capabilities for sensitive data. You can use the OCI Vault service to encrypt the password and store it as an application-level configuration variable. Then, you can use the generated key to decrypt the password in your function code when you need to access the database. Verified References: Oracle Functions: Using Key Management To Encrypt And Decrypt Configuration Variables

Explanation

The strategy that involves exposing new functionality or features to only a small set of users is called Canary Deployment. Canary deployment is a technique used in software development and deployment where a new version of an application or feature is released to a small subset of users or a specific group of servers. This allows for testing and gathering feedback on the new functionality in a controlled and limited environment before making it available to a wider audience. In a canary deployment, a small portion of the traffic is routed to the new version while the majority of the traffic still goes to the stable version. This allows for monitoring and evaluation of the new functionality in real-world conditions while minimizing the impact of any potential issues or bugs. If the new version performs well and meets the desired criteria, it can then be gradually rolled out to a larger user base or all servers. By exposing the new functionality or features to a small set of users initially, canary deployment helps in identifying any unforeseen issues, gathering feedback, and ensuring the stability and reliability of the application before a full deployment.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Once rotated, older key versions can be used for encryption until they are deleted." The statement that is NOT valid about rotating keys in the OCI Vault service is: "Once rotated, older key versions can be used for encryption until they are deleted." In the OCI Vault service, when you rotate a master encryption key (MEK), a new key version is automatically generated. However, once a key is rotated and a new version is created, the older key versions are no longer usable for encryption. The purpose of key rotation is to ensure that the encryption keys are regularly updated and that older keys are no longer used to protect sensitive data. This enhances security by minimizing the impact of potential key compromises. The other statements mentioned are valid: Both software and hardware security module (HSM)-protected MEKs can be rotated. This provides flexibility in choosing the type of MEK and ensures that key rotation can be performed regardless of the encryption method used. Each key version is tracked internally with separate unique OCIDs (Oracle Cloud Identifiers). This allows for easy management and tracking of different key versions within the OCI Vault service. In summary, the statement that is NOT valid is the one suggesting that older key versions can still be used for encryption until they are deleted. Key rotation is designed to ensure the use of the latest key version and to retire older key versions to enhance security.

Explanation

The testing strategy that achieves high velocity of deployments and releases of cloud native applications is "Automated testing." Automated testing involves the use of automated tools and frameworks to execute tests, validate functionality, and detect issues or bugs in an application. By automating the testing process, developers and DevOps teams can rapidly test and validate code changes, ensuring that new features and updates are functioning correctly before being deployed to production. This approach helps increase the speed and efficiency of the testing process, allowing for faster and more frequent deployments of cloud native applications.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Edit the tenancy global retention policy." To ensure that container images never get deleted from the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR), you should edit the tenancy global retention policy. The tenancy global retention policy is a setting that determines the retention behavior for all the images in the OCIR across the entire tenancy. By editing this policy, you can define the retention behavior that suits your requirements. To edit the tenancy global retention policy, you would typically perform the following steps: Access the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console and navigate to the OCIR service. Go to the "Policies" section or "Settings" section in the OCIR service. Locate the tenancy global retention policy settings. Modify the retention policy to specify the desired retention behavior. In this case, you would set the policy to retain all images, ensuring they are never deleted from the repository. By setting the global policy of image retention to "Retain All Images," you can ensure that the container images in your OCIRrepository are permanently retained and not subject to deletion based on any default or automatic retention rules. The other options mentioned are not directly related to ensuring that container images are never deleted from the repository: Creating a group and assigning a policy to perform lifecycle operations on images or writing a policy to limit access to the specific repository in your compartment are access control measures and do not address the retention of images. Setting the global policy of image retention to "Retain All Images" is the correct action to achieve the desired outcome of preventing image deletion from the repository.

OCI API Gateway supports the following authentication methods for accessing an API deployment3:

• HTTP Basic: The client sends a username and password with each request. The credentials are validated against a user database in Oracle Identity Cloud Service (IDCS).
• API Key: The client sends an API key with each request. The API key is validated against a list of keys stored in IDCS or OCI Vault.
• OAuth: The client obtains an access token from an authorization server (such as IDCS) and sends it with each request. The access token is validated against the authorization server and optionally checked for required scopes.
• JWT Token: The client obtains a JSON Web Token (JWT) from an identity provider (such as IDCS or OCI IAM) and sends it with each request. The JWT is validated against the identity provider’s public key and optionally checked for required claims. SAML Token is not a valid authentication method for accessing an OCI API Gateway deployment. SAML is an XML-based standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between different parties, such as a service provider and an identity provider4. SAML tokens are typically used for web browser single sign-on (SSO) scenarios, not for API access4.

Explanation

Oracle Functions does not currently support PL/SQL as a language for writing function code. PL/SQL is a procedural language used in Oracle Database for developing stored procedures, triggers, and other database-related code. However, Oracle Functions supports several other popular programming languages such as Go, Node.js, Python, and Java, allowing developers to choose the language that best suits their application requirements and their familiarity with the language. While PL/SQL is powerful for working with the Oracle Database, it is not an option for writing function code in the Oracle Functions serverless architecture.

Explanation

The use case that is NOT a valid use case for leveraging the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Events service is "Capturing the OCI Monitoring service alarms and invoking autoscaling of compute instances." The OCI Events service is designed to provide event-driven architecture and enable automated responses to events occurring within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. It allows you to react to changes and activities happening within your OCI resources. The Events service can be used to trigger actions based on events like file uploads, resource changes, or task completions. However, capturing the OCI Monitoring service alarms and invoking autoscaling of compute instances is not a direct functionality provided by the OCI Events service. Autoscaling based on monitoring metrics is typically handled by the OCI Autoscaling service, which is specifically designed for that purpose. The OCI Monitoring service provides monitoring and alerting capabilities, while the Autoscaling service handles the dynamic scaling of compute instances based on predefined policies and thresholds.

Explanation

To mandate image verification when deploying container images to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) clusters, you should enable image verification policies separately for each OKE cluster. This is enforced at the cluster level. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level ensures that all container images deployed to the OKE cluster are automatically verified against the specified master encryption key (MEK). This helps maintain the security and integrity of the deployed microservices by ensuring that only signed and trusted container images are used. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level allows for consistent and centralized enforcement of the verification process across all nodes and node pools within the cluster. It provides a standardized approach to image verification for the entire cluster, simplifying management and ensuring compliance with the organization's mandate. Enabling image verification policies separately for each node pool or at the pod level would introduce complexity and potential inconsistencies in the verification process. Therefore, enforcing image verification at the cluster level is the recommended approach.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Tightly coupled." Tightly coupling is not a criterion that is usually met by a microservice. In fact, microservices are designed to be loosely coupled. Loosely coupling refers to reducing dependencies and minimizing the direct interactions between different components or services. Microservices promote independence and autonomy, allowing each service to operate independently without being tightly bound to other services. The other options listed are criteria that are typically met by microservices: Organized around business capabilities: Microservices architecture suggests designing services around specific business capabilities or functionalities. This allows for focused and specialized services that align with the organization's business needs. Independently deployable: Microservices are designed to be independently deployable units. Each microservice can be developed, tested, and deployed separately, without impacting other services. This enables agility and scalability in the deployment process. Highly maintainable: Microservices are often designed to be highly maintainable. They are smaller in scope and focused on specific tasks, making it easier to manage and maintain individual services. Additionally, microservices can be updated, patched, or replaced without affecting the entire system, facilitating easier maintenance and evolution of the application. Therefore, the criterion that is NOT typically met by a microservice is being tightly coupled.

Explanation

The option that is NOT valid about troubleshooting Oracle Functions is: "Oracle Functions tracing is enabled at the function level." In Oracle Functions, tracing is not enabled at the function level. Instead, tracing is enabled at the application level. When you enable tracing for an application, it applies to all the functions within that application. Tracing allows you to capture detailedinformation about the execution flow and performance of the functions, helping you analyze and debug issues. The other options mentioned are valid: Oracle Functions invocation logs are enabled at the application level. Invocation logs provide visibility into the details of function invocations, including input, output, duration, and any error messages. These logs are generated and stored by Oracle Functions, and you can access them for troubleshooting and monitoring purposes. Oracle Functions invocation is enabled by default. Once you deploy a function, it becomes invocable by default. You can configure different triggers to invoke the function, such as HTTP requests, scheduled events, or events from other Oracle Cloud Infrastructure services. Oracle Functions metrics are available at both the function and application level. Metrics provide insights into the usage, performance, and behavior of functions. They can include metrics such as invocations per minute, average duration, and error counts. These metrics can be viewed in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console or accessed programmatically through APIs. It's important to note that the specific configuration and behavior of monitoring, logging, and tracing in Oracle Functions may depend on the version, configuration, and options you have chosen. It is recommended to refer to the Oracle Functions documentation and consult the official documentation for accurate and up-to-date information on troubleshooting and monitoring Oracle Functions.

To prevent images from being deleted from a repository, you can set the global policy of image retention to “Retain All Images”. This policy applies to all repositories in the tenancy and overrides any individual repository settings. You can also lock the policy to prevent any changes to it.Verified References: Using Retention Rules to Preserve Data

In the shared responsibility model, Oracle is responsible for securing the underlying cloud infrastructure and platform services, while customers are responsible for securing theirdata and applications within the cloud4. For provisioned OKE clusters, Oracle manages the control plane (master nodes) of the Kubernetes cluster, while customers manage the data plane (worker nodes) of the cluster5. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the customer to perform patching, upgrading, and maintaining of the worker nodes in provisioned OKE clusters5. Customers can use tools such as Terraform or kubectl to automate these tasks5.

Explanation

The user is responsible for patching, upgrading, and maintaining the worker nodes in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE). In OKE, the user has control over the worker nodes, which are the compute instances that run the Kubernetes worker components. As the user, you are responsible for managing and maintaining these worker nodes, including tasks such as patching the underlying operating system, upgrading Kubernetes versions, and performing any necessary maintenance activities. While Oracle provides the underlying infrastructure and support services, including managing the control plane and ensuring the availability of the OKE service, the responsibility for managing the worker nodes lies with the user. This allows you to have control and flexibility in managing your Kubernetes environment according to your specific needs and requirements.